One in three Europeans has tried illegal drugs at some point in their lives, but the patterns of drug use and their health effects vary by country. The latest data highlights how cannabis and cocaine remain the most widely used substances, with new challenges emerging due to synthetic drugs.
Drug Usage Trends in Europe
In 2024, 15% of young adults in the European Union reported using cannabis, while 2.5% admitted to cocaine use, according to a report by the European Commission and the OECD. The highest cannabis consumption rates are in the Czech Republic, Italy, France, and Spain, whereas Malta, Turkey, and Hungary report the lowest numbers. Similarly, cocaine usage is most prevalent in the Netherlands, Spain, and Ireland, while Turkey, Portugal, Poland, and Hungary report the least usage.
Despite strict drug policies in certain countries, drugs remain widely available, particularly among young people. Many experts argue that harsh penalties disproportionately affect occasional users rather than those struggling with addiction. “Harsh penalties often affect occasional users rather than habitual ones,” says Sabrina Molinaro, an epidemiologist at the National Research Council of Italy and coordinator of the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs.
Changing Demographics of Drug Users
Molinaro’s research, which has monitored drug use among 16-year-olds in Europe since the 1990s, shows consistent generational trends. Historically, boys used cannabis more frequently, but the gender gap has narrowed. In some nations, girls now use cannabis more than boys, reflecting changing social attitudes toward drug consumption.
The increase in drug usage among young people, particularly women, has raised concerns among health experts. According to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), societal normalization and increased accessibility contribute to higher experimentation rates.
The Rising Threat of Synthetic and Other Drugs
While cannabis and cocaine remain dominant, substances like MDMA (ecstasy), heroin, opioids, psychedelics, and synthetic drugs pose growing threats. Europe is experiencing a surge in synthetic drug use, raising alarms due to the unpredictability of these substances. Many synthetic drugs are made in underground labs, increasing the risk of contamination and overdose.
“Synthetic drugs are hazardous because users often have no idea what they’re consuming,” warns Molinaro. Many of these drugs contain dangerous additives that amplify their effects. In 2022, authorities dismantled hundreds of synthetic drug labs in the EU. The emergence of seven new synthetic opioid substances in 2023 has further fueled public health concerns.
Health Risks and Policy Challenges
Frequent drug use is linked to serious health problems. Cannabis and cocaine use increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, mental health disorders, accidents, and, in the case of injectable drugs, infections such as HIV. Synthetic drugs pose even greater dangers since their chemical compositions constantly change, making it difficult for regulators to address new risks.
“This is a critical health issue for adults,” Molinaro emphasizes. With drug diversity increasing, European policymakers must focus on prevention, early intervention, and adaptive strategies to counter these emerging threats.
Governments across Europe are implementing stricter measures, but experts argue that education and harm reduction initiatives must accompany legal actions. Countries like Portugal have adopted decriminalization policies that focus on treatment rather than punishment, leading to lower overdose rates and improved recovery outcomes.
The Need for Comprehensive Strategies
Drug use among Europeans is a complex issue requiring a balanced approach. While enforcement plays a role, comprehensive strategies—including education, mental health support, and rehabilitation programs—are necessary to tackle rising drug trends effectively.
As the European Union evaluates its drug policies, leaders must weigh public health concerns against criminalization measures. The growing presence of synthetic substances underscores the need for proactive responses. Keeping the public informed and adapting to new drug trends will be crucial in shaping future policies.
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